Handelsverstorende landbouwsteun in dalende lijn
De landbouwers uit de westerse industrielanden kregen vorig jaar 225 miljard euro overheidssteun. Dit bedrag is goed voor 29 procent van hun inkomen. Dit berekenden de Oeso-experten. De steun was even hoog als in 2004, op langere termijn is er wel een daling merkbaar.
De Europese Unie gaf zijn boeren 107,6 miljard euro steun, wat 32 procent van hun inkomen vertegenwoordigt. Eind jaren tachtig waren de Europese landbouwsubsidies nog goed voor 41 procent van het inkomen van de landbouwers. De VS betaalden hun boeren in 2005 16 procent van hun inkomen, tegenover 22 procent eind jaren tachtig. Zuid-Korea, Noorwegen en Zwitserland betalen hun boeren bijna twee derde van hun inkomen.
In 2005 was 59 procent van de steun bestemd voor prijsondersteuning – zijnde exportsubsidies, productiesteun en invoertarieven. Dit is de meest handelsverstorende soort subsidie. Het is vooral dit soort steun dat onder vuur ligt binnen de WTO. Op het einde van de Uruguay-ronde bedroeg dit percentage nog 83 procent. Er is dus beterschap, zowel in de omvang van de subsidies als in de soort. De Oeso-experten zijn er immers absoluut van overtuigd dat landbouwsubsidies negatief zijn voor de economie in nagenoeg alle landen van de wereld.
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Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform: Potential Effects At Global, National and Households Levels
Agricultural Policy and Trade Reform: Potential Effects At Global, National and Households Levels
A just released report shows that a simultaneous reform involving a halving of trade protection and domestic support across all sectors could potentially generate USD 44 billion in welfare gains globally. Most of these gains arise from agricultural reform and most of these agricultural gains come from reform of market access measures.
The report finds that almost all countries gain overall. Those with the highest levels of support and protection would benefit most from such reforms. The most efficient agricultural exporters would also gain significantly. But for many developing economies the immediate benefits would be relatively small and would be concentrated more in manufacturing than in agricultural trade.
Agriculture policy and trade reform: potential effects at global, national and household levels, assesses the impact of greater liberalisation on producers and consumers. By identifying the groups who may become worse off following such reforms, the report gives governments the opportunity to design policies to help them adjust.
Executive Summary
Part I. Global, National and Household Level Effects of Trade and Agricultural Policy Reform
Introduction
Chapter 1. Extent and Composition of Agricultural Support and Trade Protection
Chapter 2 Global Market, National and Sectoral Impacts
Chapter 3. Household Level Impacts
Chapter 4 Conclusions and Policy Inferences
Annex I.1 Overview of the GTAPEM Model
Part. II Case Study Summaries of Household Level Impacts
Chapter 5. Brazil
Chapter 6. Italy
Chapter 7. Malawi
Chapter 8. Mexico
Chapter 9. United States
References
Contact persons:
Stefan Tangermann, Director of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (stefan.tangermann@oecd.org)
Ken Ash, Deputy Director of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (ken.ash@oecd.org)
The full version of Agricutlural Policy and Trade Reform: Potential Effects at Flobal, National and Household Levels will soon be available from the following options:
Subscribers and readers at subscribing institutions can access the online edition via SourceOECD, our online library.
Non-subscribers can purchase the PDF e-book and/or paper copy via our Online Bookshop.
Government officials can go to OLISnet’s Publication Locator.